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In the Classical period for the first time we know the names of individual sculptors. Phidias was artistic director of the Parthenon project. Praxiteles made the female nude a respectable subject for the first time in the Late Classical period (mid 4th century); his Aphrodite of Cnidus, of which copies survive, was said by Pliny to be the greatest statue in the world.

After the Turks conquered Crete in 1669, Crete went through a dark period of tyranny and poverty. During the 17th century, the lyre became the national instrument of Crete, though it was much different then than it is now. In the 1810s, Georgios the Cretan helped to revive Byzantine music traditions.

The European renaissance was primarily the rediscovery and reintroduction of the culture and learning of ancient Greek religion and society by western Europe.

The Idea that Pythagoras forbade his disciples to eat beans has been questioned by some recent writers, who understand the phrase, "Abstain from beans" (kyamon apechete), to refer to a measure of practical prudence, and not to a dietary restriction. Beans, black and white, were, according to this interpretation, the means of voting in Magna Gręcia (lower east Italy), and "Abstain from beans" would, therefore, mean merely "Avoid politics".

In 2001 Greece joined the Economic and Monetary Union (eurozone). Interest rate policy is now in the hands of the European Central Bank.